[转帖]金属材料性能

liuwei24

<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><strong><font color="#ff6600"><span class="te61"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">金属材料性能</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">为更合理使用金属材料，充分发挥其作用，必须掌握各种金属材料制成的零、构件在正常工作情况下应具备的性能（使用性能）及其在冷热加工过程中材料应具备的性能（工艺性能）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 13.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">材料的使用性能包括物理性能（如比重、熔点、导电性、导热性、热膨胀性、磁性等）、化学性能（耐用腐蚀性、抗氧化性），力学性能也叫机械性能。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">材料的工艺性能指材料适应冷、热加工方法的能力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">（一）、机械性能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">机械性能是指金属材料在外力作用下所表现出来的特性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、强度：材料在外力（载荷）作用下，抵抗变形和断裂的能力。材料单位面积受载荷称应力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、屈服点（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">бs</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）：称屈服强度，指材料在拉抻过程中，材料所受应力达到某一临界值时，载荷不再增加变形却继续增加或产生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">0.2%L</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">。时应力值，单位用牛顿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">N/mm2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）表示。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、抗拉强度（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">бb</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）也叫强度极限指材料在拉断前承受最大应力值。单位用牛顿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">N/mm2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）表示。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、延伸率（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">δ</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）：材料在拉伸断裂后，总伸长与原始标距长度的百分比。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、断面收缩率（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">Ψ</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）材料在拉伸断裂后、断面最大缩小面积与原断面积百分比。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、硬度：指材料抵抗其它更硬物压力其表面的能力，常用硬度按其范围测定分布氏硬度（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">HBS</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">HBW</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）和洛氏硬度（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">HKA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">HKB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">HRC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、冲击韧性（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">Ak</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）：材料抵抗冲击载荷的能力，单位为焦耳</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">厘米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">J/cm2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">.<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">（二）、工艺性能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">指材料承受各种加工、处理的能力的那些性能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>&nbsp; 8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、铸造性能：指金属或合金是否适合铸造的一些工艺性能，主要包括流性能、充满铸模能力；收缩性、铸件凝固时体积收缩的能力；偏析指化学成分不均性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>9</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、焊接性能：指金属材料通过加热或加热和加压焊接方法，把两个或两个以上金属材料焊接到一起，接口处能满足使用目的的特性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、顶气段性能：指金属材料能承授予顶锻而不破裂的性能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、冷弯性能：指金属材料在常温下能承受弯曲而不破裂性能。弯曲程度一般用弯曲角度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">α</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">（外角）或弯心直径</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">d</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">对材料厚度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">a</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">的比值表示，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">a</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">愈大或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">d/a</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">愈小，则材料的冷弯性愈好。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>12</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、冲压性能：金属材料承受冲压变形加工而不破裂的能力。在常温进行冲压叫冷冲压。检验方法用杯突试验进行检验。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>13</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、锻造性能：金属材料在锻压加工中能承受塑性变形而不破裂的能力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">（三）、化学性能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">指金属材料与周围介质扫触时抵抗发生化学或电化学反应的性能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>14</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、耐腐蚀性：指金属材料抵抗各种介质侵蚀的能力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/>15</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">、抗氧化性：指金属材料在高温下，抵抗产生氧化皮能力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p>