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<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">一、概述</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">飞机发动机的叶片大小不同,形状各异:从尺寸上看,大的叶片有<span lang="EN-US">250×60×10</span>,小的只有<span lang="EN-US">30×10×5</span>;从形状上看,带阻风台结构的稍复杂一些,需五轴联动铣削;不带阻风台的,用四轴加工即可。所有叶片都有一个特点:薄,加工时易变形。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">叶片的毛坯均为合金铸件,加工工序比较复杂,从图纸到成品,一般都要经过<span lang="EN-US">40</span>~<span lang="EN-US">60</span>个工序。目前,发动机叶片(叶背、叶盆)的加工,大多采用三轴铣削,即在立式铣削中心(带旋转工作台)先铣叶背,然后转<span lang="EN-US">180</span>゜,再铣叶盆。进汽边、出汽边以及叶根,在后续的工序中再处理。这种铣削方法装卡次数多,加工效率低,并且加工后叶片变形大,叶片截面形状与原设计有较大误差。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">如果采用四轴联动铣削,一次装卡就可把叶背、叶盆、进出汽边以及叶根同时加工出来,并且加工后的叶片变形也很小。如果走刀路径设计的合理,加工后叶片表面的光洁度高,后续的辅助工序可以取消或减化,进汽边和出汽边也无需再处理。从整体来看,叶片的加工质量和效率都会大为提高。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">四轴铣削叶片,理想的刀具路径如下:<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> (1)</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">四轴铣削叶背、叶盆时,刀具沿轴线螺旋走刀,从一端走到另一端;<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> (2)</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">再单独铣一次进、出汽边,刀具沿叶片轴线从一端铣到另一端,以保证进、出汽边的形状精度和表面光洁度;<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> (3)</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">铣削叶根的过渡面时,确保叶片两端的凸台不受损伤。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">二、叶背、叶盆铣削</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">对于图<span lang="EN-US">1</span>所示的叶片,可采用近似于螺旋的走刀路径。刀具相对于叶片绕轴线做旋转运动,同时间断地沿轴线作直线运动,如图<span lang="EN-US">1</span>所示。采用这种走刀路径,叶片的变形小,质量可靠;叶背叶盆刀痕匀布,余量均匀,减少了后续打磨、抛光等工序的工作量,可明显地提高叶片的生产效率。并且,编制这种走刀路径,较编制螺</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">图<span lang="EN-US">1 </span>叶片走刀路径<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">以下详细说明有关计算方法及参数的选择。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">图<span lang="EN-US">2</span>是叶片的俯视图。叶形的长边约<span lang="EN-US">220.7mm</span>,短边约<span lang="EN-US">175.3mm</span>,叶片高约<span lang="EN-US">93.9mm</span>。叶片两端均有台阶,台阶的侧面与叶形的交线跟轴线不垂直,左边夹角约<span lang="EN-US">20°</span>,右边约<span lang="EN-US">8.6°</span>。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">图<span lang="EN-US">2 </span>俯视图<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">四轴联动铣削时,在右端和左端的走刀方向应同台阶的侧面基本平行,铣刀间断地沿轴线向叶片中部铣削时,走刀方向逐渐与轴线垂直,如图<span lang="EN-US">2</span>所示。在最左侧,走刀方向与刀轴夹角<span lang="EN-US">20°</span>角,铣削到<span lang="EN-US">A1_A1</span>截面时,走刀方向与轴线垂直。铣到<span lang="EN-US">B1-B1</span>截面后,走刀方向逐渐右斜。在最右端,走刀方向与右侧台阶的侧面方向一致,即与轴线夹角<span lang="EN-US">8.6°</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">设相邻两刀具路径间的距离为<span lang="EN-US">d</span>,则从最左端到<span lang="EN-US">A1-A1</span>截面的切削次数为<span lang="EN-US">N=27.3/d</span>,取<span lang="EN-US">d=1.5</span>,则<span lang="EN-US">N=18</span>刀,取<span lang="EN-US">20</span>刀。相邻两刀的相对转角为:<span lang="EN-US">20°/20=1°</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">同样计算右端的刀数:<span lang="EN-US">14.5/1.5=9.6</span>取<span lang="EN-US">10</span>刀。每刀转角:<span lang="EN-US">8.6°/10=0.86°</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">最大转角计算:切削平面旋转后,各刀具路径不应重叠,条件为:<span lang="EN-US">Qm×W/2≤d</span>,<span lang="EN-US">Qm≤2d/W</span>,如图<span lang="EN-US">3</span>所示。<span lang="EN-US">W=93.9</span>、<span lang="EN-US">d=1.5</span>,得<span lang="EN-US">Qm≤1.83°</span>。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">图<span lang="EN-US">3 </span>刀具路径不重叠条件示意<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">三、进、出汽边铣削</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">进出汽边是由多个位于相互平行的平面上、直径为<span lang="EN-US">0.65</span>~<span lang="EN-US">0.68mm</span>的圆弧构成的直纹曲面。用直径<span lang="EN-US">φ6</span>的铣刀铣削时,最好用侧刃铣。可把各圆弧分为<span lang="EN-US">5</span>等份,计算<span lang="EN-US">6</span>条对应的等参曲线。然后,根据这<span lang="EN-US">6</span>条曲线编制四轴程序,使刀具沿着<span lang="EN-US">6</span>条曲线运动,且刀轴方向始终与曲面相切。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">四、<span lang="EN-US">MasterCAM</span>的多轴铣削功能</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">本零件使用<span lang="EN-US">MasterCAM</span>软件造型和编程。<span lang="EN-US">MasterCAM</span>的多轴铣削功能非常强劲<span lang="EN-US">,</span>有多种四轴、五轴加工方法,用户可最大程度地控制走刀方式(<span lang="EN-US">Tool Type</span>)、刀具运动(<span lang="EN-US">Tool motion</span>)和刀轴方向(<span lang="EN-US">Tool axis</span>),编出高质量的多轴加工程序。这些加工方法包括:五轴钻孔、五轴轮廓铣削、多曲面五轴端铣加工、五轴侧刃铣削(圆柱棒刀或圆锥棒刀)等等。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> MasterCAM</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">还提供有多种选项,控制刀具在走刀进程中的前倾角、后仰角以及左右摆角。通过设置前倾角、后仰角,可改变刀具的受力状况,提高加工的表面质量。通过改变左右摆角,可以避免刀头刀杆与工件的碰撞。五轴精加工时,在零件曲率变化太大的区域内,<span lang="EN-US">MasterCAM</span>还可加密刀位点,铣出光滑的表面。本例的仿真结果,如图<span lang="EN-US">4</span>所示。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></p> |
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