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      楼主: cyw59

      [转帖]〓〓〓〓〓塑胶设计指南〓〓〓〓〓

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       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:06:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-4-4-2 浇口之种类

      选择最好之浇口类型,其重要性犹如浇口之位置与大小。图2-34为各种不同之浇口图。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2003652261497409.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2003652261497409.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      (a) 浇道浇口(sprue gate):此为经由浇道衬套或直接制造于模穴中之锥形孔。通常用于单模穴模具或是须要对称性流动之模具,其优点为材料之受剪应力及压力损失较低,材料温度较均匀;缺点则为须要后加工以消除明显之断痕。
      (b) 边缘浇口(side or edge gate):此种浇口适用于双层板之多模穴模具及较厚部位的塑物。其优点为浇口之横断面较简单,易于加工,浇口之尺寸较精确且易于修改;缺点则为浇口冷却去掉后,痕迹仍然明显。
      (c) 点状浇口(pin gate):此种浇口通常用来取代边缘浇口以减少后加工之处理。常应用于三板式、模底注料模具,就是在凹模板后再设有一块板以装置流道系统,点状浇口再直接地或通过分浇口以把模穴和流道连接在一起。其限制为它只适用于较薄之塑件。
      (d) 边缘点状浇口:犹如点状浇口,它只适用于较薄之塑件。其优点为将浇道与成形件分开,有较不明显之断痕,缺点则为较大之压力损失,经由局部过热有损成形材料之性质。
      (e) 耳式浇口(tab gate):在模穴之一侧设置耳槽,然后在耳槽上设一个普通的矩形边缘浇口。由于熔料进入模穴前必须先拐90°的弯,防止了直接进料所产生之喷射,因此塑料能平稳均匀的填满模穴。
      (f) 膜状浇口(diaphragm gate):用于单模穴模具且塑物为环形具较小内部直径的。其优点为较少之残留应力,缺点则为须要之射出材料较多,后加工较为困难。
      (g) 内环形浇口(internal ring gate):犹如膜状浇口般适用于制造环形物之单模穴模具,但塑物是具较大内部直径的。
      (h) 外环形浇口(external ring gate):用于多模穴模具之环形物制造。
      (i) 潜伏式浇口(submarine gate):它是一种圆形或椭圆形浇口,潜伏在分模面之下向模穴供料,其优点为:
      * 模穴设在一块模皮里,不存在配合之问题且可得较精确之尺寸。
      @ 不受浇口冷却封闭时间的影响而能直接控制充满模穴的时间。
      # 在顶出时,浇口尾料和塑件可被自动切断。
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:08:00 | 显示全部楼层
      2-4-5 排气(vents)

      当模具充满塑料后,所有之内部空气必须排掉,否则模穴内被压缩之空气会产生热而将塑品烧焦。排气可位于分模线上任何一处,特别是在模穴内最后填满的地方,如图2-35所示。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2003652274449624.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2003652274449624.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      对于未显现的肋及浮凸物,排气可在顶出轴方向上磨一小平块而设立。排气装置是由浅、小而渐大,但如果太大会造成塑物在排气口有毛边现象。对于热塑性塑料,射出成型之排气装置其尺寸规格通常如图2-36所示。

      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2003652281549097.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2003652281549097.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2003652282358875.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2003652282358875.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:09:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-4-6 顶出机构(ejection mechanisms)

      一个良好之顶出机构设计不仅能不损坏塑品,节省人力,更能节省成本。以下各项为设计顶出机构所须考虑之因素:
      &#8231; 塑品之形状及壁厚。
      &#8231; 所用材料为何。
      &#8231; 塑品体积多大。
      &#8231; 与分模线之相对位置。
      顶针的形状可为标准的平头顶针、刀切型顶针,阀形顶针,或分段层次型顶针。其位置最好于塑物形状有大变化之地方如边角,肋或浮凸物等,因为这些地方较易卡在模具内。
      要有效的顶出塑物,设计者必须算出所须要的顶出面积及力量。如果面积不够的话,塑物表面会遭破坏,以下是计算所须顶出力量的方程式(2-1)。
      P=St&#8231;E&#8231;A&#8231;u D[(D/2T)-(D/4T&#8231;Y)] (2-1)
      P=所须之顶出力量(lbs)
      E=弹性模数(elastic modulus)(psi)
      A=顶到塑品之面积(in2)
      u=塑品与钢之磨擦系数
      D=围绕公模芯塑面之圆周长(in)
      T=塑品之壁厚(in)
      Y=塑品之蒲松比(poisson ratio)
      St=热膨胀系数×ΔT(in)
      ΔT=热变形温度(HDT)-顶出时之温度
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:10:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-4-7 冷 却

      冷却模具的目的在于使刚成形之塑品能够迅速移去热量以被顶出模穴外。冷却的方法是在模壁内制造信道以进行热交换,所用之冷却液有水,冰水,水加抗冻剂及油类等四种。对于一些有几何限制上之制品,由于直接钻挖之冷却道,有时并不足以能完全达到冷却之作用,此时我们可在冷却
      系统上装设如图2-37之辅助装置。

      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2003652210226525.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2003652210226525.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      (a) 挡板(baffle):于冷却道上插入一平板使冷却液由板之一边进,再由另一边出,造成对流以移走热量。
      (b) 喷泉管(bubbler):于冷却道上插入一环状管,冷却液由内管进入直冲外管再回到冷却道上,产生如喷泉般的效应以增加涡流。因为涡流一般可比层流多3~5倍的热交换。
      (c) 热管(heat pipe):于冷却道上插入一密闭的封管,一端于冷却在线是为冷凝器,另一端位于须要被冷却的区域上是为蒸发器。封管内为作对流媒介的水,氨,甲烷或甲醇等,经由管内之蕊作热交换。
      上列三种装置对于防止冷却不良而产生之热点(hot-spots)极具效益,并能减少成形周期。一般而言,一个好的冷却设计是不让冷却液温度上升超过5℉的。
      模具的材质影响到冷却之效果甚巨,常用的模具材料有
      &#8231; P20钢
      &#8231; H13钢
      &#8231; P6钢
      &#8231; S7钢
      &#8231; 铍铜合金
      &#8231; 铝
      &#8231; 420不锈钢 
      &#8231; 414不锈钢
      铍铜合金之热传导两倍于碳化钢,四倍于不锈钢,但这并不表示其成形周期四倍少于不锈钢。一般而言,铍铜合金对于薄肉厚的制品最具功效,H13适于须高温成型的制品,S7极耐冲撞但不耐磨耗,P型钢则特别为塑料成型所设计,不锈钢则极具耐侵蚀性但热传导性不佳。
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:12:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-5 组装设计(Assembly desigh)

      由于塑料材料之多变化性,遂使得组装塑料零件的方法五花八门,一般大概可分为机械组装,溶剂组装,黏着剂组装及焊接组装等四种。表2-5为一般常用材料其各种组装法好坏之比较。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522113459782.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522113459782.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      ●2-5-1 机械组装(mechanical assembly)

      以机械性的方法来连接塑料品是组装中最基本的方法,部份原因是因此方法在金属工业上已使用经年。机械组装基本上可分为接合法(fits)及扣接法(fasteners),其好处为成本低,可重复使用,接装速度快且效果良好。但质软易变形的材料加LDPE及硬而脆的材料皆不适宜用扣接法。接合法一般可分为迫紧法(snap-fits)、压紧法(press-fits)及打桩法(staking),扣接法则有具螺纹之螺丝(screw)、螺丝加螺帽(nut)与夹箍(clips)、铆接(riviting)等。
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:15:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-5-1-1 迫紧法

      迫紧法为一简单,快速及具高效性的方法,它能应用于任何材料之连接。一个好的迫紧设计将不会承受负载,所以其扣合力量不会随时间而减少或因震动的影响而松弛。最常见的迫紧法为悬桁式如图2-38所示。PC材料最适宜用此方法,因其具低的模子收缩度,高抗蠕变及整体的尺寸安定性。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522125063290.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522125063290.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      对一具定横切矩形面积的悬桁梁,其可容许之歪斜量计算如下:
      y=2 3×εl2 h (2-2)
      其中: y=最大之歪斜量
      ε=最大之变形率
      l=梁之长度
      h=梁之厚度
      从模具顶出时或是在组装时,歪斜量部不应该超出其最大值而损其结构。若欲增加其可容许之歪斜量,最好之方法是增加梁之长度或减少其厚度。可容许之歪斜量亦与可容许之变形量(ε)息息相关。一般而言,一个简单的迫紧装置,其可容许之变形量为4%,若此装置常须组合与拆却,则
      变形量应为其之60%即2.4%。
      式2-3为弯曲悬桁而达倾斜量y所须横轴歪斜力P之计算方式:
      P=B&#8231;h2 6×Es&#8231;ε l (2-3)
      其中: Es=正割模数(secant modulus),其定义如图2-39所示。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522132260172.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522132260172.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      ε=变形量
      B=宽度
      h=厚度
      l=梁之长度
      为了组合迫紧装置,必须克服歪斜力(P)及摩擦力(μ),因此于梁底部经由导角可算得组合力(w)如式2-4。
      w=P(μ+tanα 1-μtanα) (2-4)
      其中: w=组合力
      P=歪斜力
      μ=摩擦系数(如表2-6所示)
      α=导角
      而〔μ+tanα 1-μtanα〕可直接从图2-40得知。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522143344531.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522143344531.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522144489805.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522144489805.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      当设计分别的接合处时,拆卸力之计算方法犹如式2-3一样,只是将回角(α)取代导角(α1)如图2-41所示。
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:17:00 | 显示全部楼层
      当设计分别的接合处时,拆卸力之计算方法犹如式2-3一样,只是将回角(α)取代导角(α1)如图2-41所示。<img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522164334302.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522164334302.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      角度愈小,愈容易组合与拆卸,当角度近于90°时,此装置愈有自动扣锁之趋势。
      欲增加悬桁之最大容许歪斜量,有一个好方法就是从梁底部到钩钩处,将其厚度(h)或宽度(b)慢慢变小即锥度化(taper)。如此,可使应力之分布更平均及节省材料。例如,将梁厚度锥化成原来之一半,其它变量保持不变,则其最大歪斜容许量可超过原来均匀厚度梁之60%。
      将梁之厚度或宽度斜度化,式(2-1)将变成如式(2-5):
      y=1.09K&#8231;εl2 h (2-5)
      其中K为比例常数,可从图2-42,图2-43中查得。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522171475658.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522171475658.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522172352312.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522172352312.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:19:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-5-1-2 压紧法
      压紧法是最简单的接合方法,不仅快速且成本低,但却往往最易出问题。设计压紧装置时,一定要确保支撑力能够大到足以组合而又不会造成应力过分的集中,其影响因素有三:
      1. 压紧设计须要紧密的制造公差。
      2. 所用材料之硬度与韧度。
      3. 随着时间的增长,所造成塑品的蠕变及应力松弛。
      当用压紧法接合两坚硬材质时,如下例及图2-44所示,一定要将两材料之互相影响度(interference)减到最小,以保接合应力在可容许之范围内。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522181691461.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522181691461.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      【例】一钢铁杆压紧于一PC毂力,我们必须定出最大的铁杆直径及最小的毂内径,以免围绕应力(hoop stress)超过应用PC时所容许之应力范围。决定PC的直径影响度可由图2-45求出。<img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522184391975.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522184391975.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      杆直径 毂外径=0.250" 0500"=0.5
      代入图2-45,可得
      影响度=8 mils 杆直径 in
      ∴直径影响度=0.008×0.250=0.002in
      因此,毂内径应为0.250-0.002=0.248in
      毂壁厚为(0.50.248)/2=0.126in
      方是理想的压紧设计
      另外一个影响压紧设计的重要因素为材料之蠕变与庄应力松弛,消除此现象之发生可在杆上刻以纹路,当组合后,塑料随着时间之增长会冷流至刻纹上而仍保有相当的接合力。上述之法,对高硬度之材料较为无效,对较软质材料如PE,PP则极具功效。
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:24:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-5-1-3 扣接法
      ●1. 螺 钉
      螺钉系指与螺纹孔组合,但无螺帽的小螺杆。螺钉头有圆头及平头两种,均有沟槽以利起子的旋转安装,可称为自攻式螺钉(self-tapping screw),其有两种类型:一为成形螺纹式(thread-forming screw),另一为切削螺纹式(thread-cutting screw)如图2-46所示。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522195217066.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522195217066.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      成型螺纹钉一般用于热塑性塑料,而热固性塑料因为较脆,用成形螺纹钉会导致其变形,所以须用具切构的切削螺纹式螺钉。图2-47为一般在设计浮凸物与自攻式螺钉时所须之规格。<img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522201755785.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522201755785.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />

      &#8231; 浮凸物之内径(d)应小于螺钉螺纹之直径。
      &#8231; 浮凸物之外径应为螺钉直径(D)之2到2.5倍。
      &#8231; 不管浮凸物是全穿孔或半穿孔,都会在安装时造成充分的熔流,所以半穿孔底下之厚度应该与壁厚相等。
      ●2. 螺钉附螺帽(nut)或夹箍(clips)
      穿过塑品之螺钉能够藉由螺帽或夹箍加以固定之。此法可以应用至复杂物之组装而且不会因对塑品产生扭矩而造成影响。要注意当设计连接两塑品时,由于空隙之减少,使得原来之拉伸负荷变为压缩负荷,而减少拉伸应力会造成破坏,所以留些空间以克服此问题是必要的,如图2-48所示。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522205076024.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522205076024.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      另外当组合用于轻负荷时,可用快速螺母如图2-49所示,以节省时间与成本。其只须使用极小之转矩即可锁紧,常被应用于防震之组合对象上。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522212485310.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522212485310.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      若螺母无法直接固定于其它对象上时,则可用如图2-50所示之地脚螺母(anchor nut)。<img src="attachments/dvbbs/2003652222087502.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2003652222087502.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      ●3. 埋入螺纹(molded-in threads)
      在成形时可预埋入螺纹件而达固定,虽然成形周期会延长且有时会损伤模具,但所节省的二次加工却是其吸引人之处。埋入件在成形后不可脱落或偏移,所以埋入件之热膨胀系数最好与塑料材料相近,如铝与聚碳酸酯(PC)。若两者相差太多,则埋入件最好增大肉厚以达补强之效果,如图
      2-51所示。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522222851429.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522222851429.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      ●4. 铆钉(rivet)
      利用铆钉组合塑件为一种有效且低成本的方法。一般可分为下列几种类型如图2-52所示。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522225870350.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522225870350.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      须注意铆钉孔之位置至少须离塑物边缘有三倍于铆钉直径的距离。另外如图2-53所示,掣子(clinch)之裕度至少须为铆钉直径的6 10或7 10。因为若过短,其负荷力会减弱;而若过多,则将造成铆钉之弯折。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522233092998.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522233092998.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:25:00 | 显示全部楼层
      2-5-2 溶剂接着(solvent bonding)

      溶剂接着法乃用来连接同性质之非结晶性塑料,其方法为溶剂对两接合面先行侵蚀溶解,再将两接合面压紧直到溶剂蒸发后,便完成黏接。若两接合物表面靠得不是很紧密,或接触良好但有间隙时,则须在溶液接合物使用前,先溶入适量之母体树脂再予以使用。这些接着法所用之溶剂因树
      脂之种类而异,如表2-7。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522245382976.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522245382976.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      通常溶剂型之接着,其强度较差。因为接触面系因溶剂的蒸发作用而达成,常产生收缩应力或瑕疵。
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:25:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-5-3 黏着剂接着(adhesive bonding)

      黏着剂是用来黏贴接合物表面的一种物质,依接着性质不同之树脂,塑料-金属,木材等时,各有适当之接着剂如下:
      1. 橡胶系接着剂
      常用于接着极性低之塑料、金属、橡胶、木材等。最适于接着苯乙烯系树脂。
      2. 环气系接着剂
      主要用于接着各种热硬化性树脂或接着塑料-金属,玻璃、木材等。环氧系接着剂在性质上适于黏合硬质而厚肉之材料,一般分为主剂与硬化剂两液型,两剂混合后,由于在常温接着时之硬化时间颇长,故通常于60~100℃加热数小时,以缩短硬化时间,增大接着力。环氧树脂的黏接层强
      度与其厚度无关,故除了作接着剂外,亦可作为气泡填充物用。
      3. 其它型之接着剂
      除了上述之外,另有乙烯基系,聚酯系, 酯系及异氰酸盐系等。另外如PE,PP,PTFE等树脂,由于化学安定性优,不容易直接接着,可用溶剂清拭后,以硫酸或重铬酸盐溶液作预备处理,再用橡胶系接着剂或环氧系接着剂等接着,但其接着力仍非很令人满意。
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:26:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-5-4 焊接组装(welding assembly)

      焊接组合可分为熔接(welding)与缝接(sealing)两种。熔接系为断面较厚塑件之焊接,而缝接是为塑料膜与片之缝合。因为热塑性塑料可加热软化,所以将用于金属材料之气焰焊接技术稍加修正,即可使用之,如气焰枪,其方法为使用来自焊枪之空气或氮气火焰,加热塑物要熔接之边缘部份,并以同一塑料的押出塑料棒作为接着材料。一般而言,塑料材料之焊接速率较金属材料之焊接为慢,约为每分钟1至2.5吋。塑料焊条之标准直径共有1 16,3 32,1 8,5 32及3 16吋五种,各种形状皆有,其中三角形断面焊条最适于V形槽之单焊道焊接。焊接接头之型式依焊接物搭接之方式而定,常见之有6种如图2-54所示。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522264242225.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522264242225.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:28:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-5-4-1 熔接法 又可分为下列几种

      1. 触热熔接法:乃将欲速接之两条合物表面与已加热之金属表面接触,当接合表面充分软化后,迅速的轻度施以压力而接合之。一般加热工具之表面常覆以铁弗龙镀层,使热塑性塑料在接触加热时,不致于黏附在加热工具上。
      2. 旋转熔接法:此乃一塑件在旋转后与另一塑件磨擦产生热量,稍加压力后,热量使得接头处熔化而连接成一体,此法最适于中空圆状或实体塑料棒之对头焊接,如图2-55所示:
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522272972734.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522272972734.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      3. 热线熔接法:乃在两热塑性塑料件之间,置入高电阻线如镍铬线,接通电流,热量软化接合面表层后,施以压力,即可将两塑件连接。若我们欲得更强之接着,可把电阻线绕成如图2-56所示之曲形,以增大熔融之接触面积。<img src="attachments/dvbbs/2003652228130225.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2003652228130225.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      4. 超音波熔接法:使用之音波频率至少2万周/秒,利用振动产生热量来熔化连接之。振动用之工具,一般称之为尖角(horn),其材料为钛,有楔形或圆锥形两种,将之与欲焊接之塑件抵紧,而尖角尖必须与焊接零件之外形相同。有些热塑性胶无法用超音波熔接法,如乙烯族类(vinyls)与各种纤维素塑料。超音波熔接之时间,依各类塑料之熔点高低而定,熔点愈高,时间愈长。
      图2-57为利用超音波熔接法所适用之接头例子,须注意三角形之能量导块(energy director),须能够产生足够之热能并平均分布在接合面上而成为连接头。
      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522283066566.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522283066566.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:30:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ●2-5-4-2 缝接法
      1. 热缝合:用于热塑性塑料薄膜之接合,应用在包装工业上非常重要。其缝合形式约有四种如图2-58所示。

      <img src="attachments/dvbbs/20036522293823659.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/20036522293823659.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
      重迭缝合主要被用于连接两片宽大之塑料薄膜,尤其是须要接头高强度但不重外观时。阶梯式缝合则可得立体之装饰效果,阶梯愈多,效果愈佳。易撕式缝合是为了便于在塑料包装之减缩面处撕裂,常用于超市之食品包装。
      2. 介电质缝合法(dielectric sealing):其法为将欲缝合之塑件置于两电极或缝合棒间,做为一个介电质,然后传递高周波电流至塑件上以产生足够之缝合压力。要注意的是,并非所有的热塑性塑料皆可用此法缝接,如PE,PP,PS,PC与铁弗龙等因不具适当之电性质,好比介电常数与损失因子,故不适用于此法。
      因介电质缝合法能在接头范围内,均匀且快速的产生热量,并且不会在接合面上产生过热现象。所以,此法特别适用于对热量敏感性材料之连接。
       楼主| 发表于 2003-6-5 22:33:00 | 显示全部楼层
      ←■◇还有3章,未完待续。○←▲●[em11][em11][em11][em11][em11]
      发表于 2003-6-9 20:18:00 | 显示全部楼层
      谢谢,斑竹
      VERY GOOD,请问原创是哪儿的?
      发表于 2003-6-10 20:03:00 | 显示全部楼层
      THS!
      ericjiang 该用户已被删除
      发表于 2003-6-12 17:51:00 | 显示全部楼层
      提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
      发表于 2003-6-13 00:41:00 | 显示全部楼层
      没看完,还是顶
      发表于 2003-6-15 15:13:00 | 显示全部楼层
      好复杂
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