[分享][转帖]English Grammar

works007 · 发表于 2004-11-3 09:18:00

Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns Demonstrative adjectivesDemonstrative adjectives have two singular forms (this, that) and two plural forms (these, those). These adjectives are used to designate proximity to an object, or to distinguish between an object that is close (in time or space) and one that is more remote. Usually "this" and "these" signal proximity, while "that" and "those" suggest distance:<UL><LI>These books are too expensive. <LI>This car is responsive. <LI>That man irritates me! <LI>This hotel is more expensive than that one. </LI></UL> Demonstrative pronounsDemonstrative pronouns have the same form as the demonstrative adjectives, but are used without the nouns to which they refer. In the singular, when designating a specific object, the pronoun "one" is often added:<UL><LI>These tomatoes are fresher than those. <LI>These are better than those. <LI>Would you like a little of this? <LI>That strikes me as really weird! <LI>The book is more interesting than that one. In front of a relative pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun becomes "the one" or "the ones" (when speaking of things), or "he / she who", "they who" (when speaking of people):<LI>This film is the one that you hated so much. <LI>He who eats well works well. <LI>This pen is the one with which the President signed the new law. </LI></UL>

works007 · 发表于 2004-11-3 09:19:00

Direct and indirect discourseWhen one reports what others have said word for word, this is called "direct discourse." It is generally signaled by the presence of quoation marks:<UL><LI>Philippe said, "I'll come if I have the time." <LI>My roommate said, "Clean the place up, or get out of here!" </LI></UL>When one paraphrases the words of others, writing them so as to avoid direct quotation, this is called "indirect discourse." Indirect discourse entails certain changes:A. Quotation marks are not used:<BLOCKQUOTE>direct discourse: He told me, "You're stupid"
indirect discourse: He told me that I was stupid.</BLOCKQUOTE>B. When the verb in the reported discourse is conjugated, is it generally preceded by "that"; however, the inclusion of "that" is optional<UL><LI>She said that she would be late. <LI>OR: She said she would be late. <LI>They informed us that the plane was delayed. <LI>OR: They informed us the plane was delayed. </LI></UL>C. Imperative forms, when recounted in indirect discourse, generally become infinitive constructions:<BLOCKQUOTE>direct discourse: He told me, "Write to me."
indirect discourse: He told me to write him. direct discourse: I told them, "Get out of here!"
indirect discourse: I told them to get out of here. </BLOCKQUOTE>D. When a quotation is put in indirect discourse, care must be taken to verify that verb tenses reflect the change in temporal context:<BLOCKQUOTE>direct discourse: She said, "I will be on time."
indirect discourse: She said she would be on time. direct discourse: When he called he said, "I am at the airport"
indirect discourse: When he called he said he was at the airport.</BLOCKQUOTE>

dnmm · 发表于 2004-11-3 12:18:00

PERFECT

yqs614 · 发表于 2004-11-3 12:35:00

english corner ,english about mould,do you have?give me

显示全部楼层 · 发表于 2004-11-3 12:44:00

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显示全部楼层 · 发表于 2004-11-3 12:46:00

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显示全部楼层 · 发表于 2004-11-3 16:47:00

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显示全部楼层 · 发表于 2004-11-3 16:48:00

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显示全部楼层 · 发表于 2004-11-4 07:55:00

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sjak · 发表于 2004-11-4 16:30:00

it seemed that this is a mould forum, anyway, thanks

eway · 发表于 2004-11-4 20:21:00

早该进修英语了

archin · 发表于 2004-11-4 22:30:00

well done

works007 · 发表于 2004-11-5 09:14:00

Causative constructionsWhen one does not carry out an action oneself but rather has the action done by someone else, this is expressed by a causative construction. In English it is the verb "to have" that introduces the causative. The model will generally be: "to have" (conjuguated) + direct objet (noun or pronoun) + principal verb (in its past participle form):<UL><LI>We'll have a monument erected on this site. <LI>I had my hair cut. </LI></UL>When one wishes to designate the agent of the action (the person who has carried out the described action), there are two possibilities:1. -- "to have" (conjuguated) + direct objet (noun or pronoun) + principal verb (in its past participle form) + "by" + agent (usually not as a pronoun):<UL><LI>The professor had the work done by his lab assistants. <LI>I had it done by my employees. </LI></UL>2. -- "to have" (conjuguated) + agent (as a direct object noun or pronoun) + principal verb (in its infinitive form) + the object (also in the form of a direct object noun or pronoun)<UL><LI>The professor had his students write an essay. <LI>I had him do it. </LI></UL>Note: Especially in spoken English, the verb "to get" often replaces "to have," in which case "to" is added to the infinitive (but not before past participles). This construction also suggests that it may be (or have been) difficult to produce a certain reaction on the part of the agent:<UL><LI>We'll get a monument erected on this site. <LI>The professor got his students to write an essay. </LI></UL>When one wishes to express a change in temperament or in general conditions, it is the construction "to make + adjectif" which is used:<UL><LI>That letter made her sad. <LI>He makes me furious! <LI>That new problem made negotiations really hard! </LI></UL>

slash11 · 发表于 2004-11-6 08:49:00

GOOD~~！！

wky · 发表于 2004-11-8 16:30:00

Thank

显示全部楼层 · 发表于 2004-11-10 11:02:00

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works007 · 发表于 2004-11-15 13:57:00

The imperativeImperatives are used to issue commands. They use the infinitive of verbs (dropping the word "to"); in the first person plural ("we"), the infinitive is preceded by "let's" (or: "let us"):<UL><LI>Speak! <LI>Finish your homework! <LI>Let's eat! <LI>Close the door! </LI></UL>The negative imperative is formed by placing "don't" (or "do not") before the imperative form; in the first person plural one uses "let's not" (or "let us not") :<UL><LI>Let's not forget who helped us. <LI>Don't leave me! <LI>Don't walk on the grass! <LI>Please don't eat the daisies! </LI></UL>The imperative has no effect on the word order of the rest of the sentence.

works007 · 发表于 2004-11-15 14:02:00

Causative constructionsWhen one does not carry out an action oneself but rather has the action done by someone else, this is expressed by a causative construction. In English it is the verb "to have" that introduces the causative. The model will generally be: "to have" (conjuguated) + direct objet (noun or pronoun) + principal verb (in its past participle form):<UL><LI>We'll have a monument erected on this site. <LI>I had my hair cut. </LI></UL>When one wishes to designate the agent of the action (the person who has carried out the described action), there are two possibilities:1. -- "to have" (conjuguated) + direct objet (noun or pronoun) + principal verb (in its past participle form) + "by" + agent (usually not as a pronoun):<UL><LI>The professor had the work done by his lab assistants. <LI>I had it done by my employees. </LI></UL>2. -- "to have" (conjuguated) + agent (as a direct object noun or pronoun) + principal verb (in its infinitive form) + the object (also in the form of a direct object noun or pronoun)<UL><LI>The professor had his students write an essay. <LI>I had him do it. </LI></UL>Note: Especially in spoken English, the verb "to get" often replaces "to have," in which case "to" is added to the infinitive (but not before past participles). This construction also suggests that it may be (or have been) difficult to produce a certain reaction on the part of the agent:<UL><LI>We'll get a monument erected on this site. <LI>The professor got his students to write an essay. </LI></UL>When one wishes to express a change in temperament or in general conditions, it is the construction "to make + adjectif" which is used:<UL><LI>That letter made her sad. <LI>He makes me furious! <LI>That new problem made negotiations really hard! </LI></UL>

works007 · 发表于 2004-11-16 15:10:00

The imperativeImperatives are used to issue commands. They use the infinitive of verbs (dropping the word "to"); in the first person plural ("we"), the infinitive is preceded by "let's" (or: "let us"):<UL><LI>Speak! <LI>Finish your homework! <LI>Let's eat! <LI>Close the door! </LI></UL>The negative imperative is formed by placing "don't" (or "do not") before the imperative form; in the first person plural one uses "let's not" (or "let us not") :<UL><LI>Let's not forget who helped us. <LI>Don't leave me! <LI>Don't walk on the grass! <LI>Please don't eat the daisies! </LI></UL>The imperative has no effect on the word order of the rest of the sentence.

works007 · 发表于 2004-11-17 16:03:00

Partitive article:"some"When the article "some" appears before a plural noun it functions like an indefinite article:<UL><LI>He has some tickets for the game. <LI>Some students decided not to attend the class. </LI></UL>However, when "some" appears before a singular noun, it is being used as a partitive. This is to say that a part of something is indicated, or a partial (or indeterminate) quantity is referred to. It is often used after verbs of possession or consumption:<UL><LI>Do you have some time? <LI>We're going to buy some milk. <LI>I heard some bad news. <LI>She has some money to spend. <LI>Would you like some help ? Note: After expressions of quantity, the partitive article is not used:<LI>Students buy a lot of pastries. <LI>Today people have more activities than before. </LI></UL>In negative expressions, the partitive article "some" generally becomes "any" (this change will also occur in negative interrogatives):<UL><LI>She doesn't have any money. <LI>They didn't have any milk. <LI>Don't you have any money? </LI></UL>The word "any" is not strictly necessary in the negative,and it may often be omitted:<UL><LI>I never have accidents. <LI>They didn't have milk. </LI></UL>

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[分享][转帖]English Grammar

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